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We conclude with reflections on the implications of these moments for the interpretation of lesbian activism and urban public space. The case studies highlight four specific moments when lesbian activists attempted to claim the right to the city by intervening in urban public space. We begin by exploring the possibilities of the “right to the city” framework for analyzing lesbian activism. Working autonomously or within the gay and lesbian rights movement and the second-wave feminist movement, lesbian activists throughout the urban West began to mobilize and build a lesbian movement in this period (Myers, 2003 Zimmerman, 2000). To illustrate the potential of such a project, we provide a set of case studies of lesbian activism in Montr´eal’s public spaces in the 1970s and early 1980s. Building on the recent feminist analysis of spatial justice in cities (Fenster, 2005 Fincher & Iveson, 2008 Whitzman et al, 2013), we argue that understanding the lesbian struggle for the “right to the city” requires closer attention to the interplay between gender (and other) differences and urban public space. Our purpose is to contribute to this project by examining how lesbian activists in Montr´eal historically entered the frame of sexuality politics by demonstrating in urban public space.
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Without disputing the importance of these histories, we suggest that our current understanding of LGBTQ rights struggles would be enriched by considering how lesbians entered the frame of sexuality politics by demanding the right to the city. This lack of research on lesbian activism, combined with an emphasis on becoming “visible” in space within the gay rights movement, has meant that lesbian activism has been less central to the narratives of most existing histories of the Canadian and Qu´ebec LGBTQ social movements (see Cˆot´e & Boucher, 2008 Higgins, 1999 Smith, 1999 Warner, 2002). Moreover, in contrast with research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) and gay histories, research on lesbian activism has only recently begun to address how lesbians have used space to enter the frame of sexuality politics and contest their societal invisibility (Burgess, 2011 Millward, 2012). Besides some rare exceptions (Hildebran, 1997 Ross, 1995), however, there has been scant attention directed towards Canada’s lesbian activism. Julie Podmore, Geosciences, John Abbott College, 21275 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qu´ebec, Canada H9X 3L9. In the Canadian context, the majority of this research has focused on “everyday life,” revealing the distinct ways in which lesbians have experienced and produced spaces in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montr´eal (Bouthillette, 1997 Address correspondence to Dr. It is this lack of visibility-shaped at the intersections between both heterosexism and patriarchy-that geographers writing about lesbian communality have long attempted to undermine (see Podmore, 2001 Valentine, 2000). INTRODUCTION One of the most persistent political struggles for lesbians has been their societal, historical, and spatial “invisibility” (Wolfe, 1997).
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KEYWORDS lesbian activism, right to the city, urban public space, Montr´eal Their spatial strategies in this first era of the lesbian and gay rights movement provide an alternative account of claiming lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer rights to the heterosexual city. The focus is on the multiple ways in which lesbian activists performed politicized lesbian identities in urban public spaces. This article examines the spatial strategies used by Montr´eal lesbian activists in the 1970s and 1980s to fight for the lesbian “right to the city.” After situating lesbian public activism within Henri Lefebvre’s ideal of spatial justice, this article provides case studies of four moments during which Montr´eal lesbian activists joined or initiated public demonstrations as lesbians. LINE CHAMBERLAND Department of Sexology, Universit´e du Qu´ebec a` Montr´eal (UQAM), Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, Canada PODMORE Geosciences, John Abbott College, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qu´ebec, Canada Journal of Lesbian Studies, 19:192–211, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1089-4160 print / 1540-3548 online DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2015.970473Įntering the Urban Frame: Early Lesbian Activism and Public Space in Montr´eal JULIE A.